Deforestation in Indonesia’s Leuser Ecosystem, home to some of the rarest species on Earth, declined in 2021 to its lowest level in seven years, following a surge in 2020 when the Covid-19 pandemic began.
Leuser is known for being the last place on Earth where critically endangered Sumatran rhinos, tigers, elephants and orangutans coexist. It spans the northern half of Sumatra, covering nearly 2.3 million hectares (5.7 million acres) within the provinces of Aceh and North Sumatra.
Satellite monitoring from local non-governmental organisation (NGO) Forest, Nature and Environment of Aceh (HAkA) shows that 4,472 hectares (11,051 acres) of forests were lost in 2021 as of November, an area the size of 90,000 basketball courts.
This is down significantly from the 7,331 hectares (18,115 acres) of deforestation detected in 2020, which was the highest figure since 2017.
The 2021 figure is the lowest since 2015, when Leuser lost 13,690 hectares (33,830 acres) of its forests.
Rudi Putra, a conservationist at NGO Leuser Conservation Forum (FKL), said that this finding from the satellite analysis is in line with what he found from field observations.
“We no longer find large-scale forest clearings within the Leuser Ecosystem,” he told Mongabay. “In the past, there were many companies that were actively clearing forests. Now, the deforestation is mostly small scale, at less than five hectares (12 acres).”
Rudi, who has worked on conservation in the Leuser Ecosystem for 20 years, attributed the decline in deforestation to an increase in patrolling and monitoring efforts in 2021.
In 2020, monitoring was limited due to mobility restrictions brought on by the Covid-19 pandemic, which made it difficult for the government and civil society groups to deploy people to the field to monitor and patrol for any illegal activity. The surge was also driven in part by people returning to their villages after losing their jobs in urban areas, Rudi added.
“Then, they tried to make an alternative livelihood by clearing forests,” he said. “But by the end of 2020, things started to go back to normal…There has been an increase in protection efforts as well. This is quite significant in curbing deforestation.”
Greater scrutiny
Another factor that may have contributed to a decline in deforestation in 2021 is the increased scrutiny on palm oil companies by the global market, according to Rudi.
“Companies are now being very cautious and afraid of clearing lands, because we know that the monitoring system implemented by buyers is in operation. For example, PepsiCo, Unilever and Mars have adopted policies to not purchase palm oil from deforesting plantations,” he said.
The United States-based Rainforest Action Network (RAN), in its year-end review on Leuser, also noted this trend. The campaign group said it found that more palm oil producers previously implicated in forest destruction have stopped land clearing and issued new commitments to comply with the no-deforestation policies of major brands and traders.
“The most notable progress is the end of land clearing by the government’s own plantation company PT Perkebunan Nusantara (PT PN) I Blang Tualang, PT Tualang Raya, PT Indo Sawit Perkasa, and most recently PT Laot Bangko,” RAN said.
Nevertheless, deforestation still occurred within a number of oil palm concessions, RAN said. At least 312 hectares (771 acres) of forests, an area the size of 10,000 tennis courts, were cleared inside the concessions of the eight companies with the highest deforestation rates between January and October 2021, RAN said.
This ongoing deforestation is putting further pressure on the Leuser Ecosystem, threatening a landscape that is teetering on the brink of maintaining viable habitat for critically endangered species found nowhere else on Earth, RAN said.
The Leuser Ecosystem also plays an important role in the global fight against climate change, housing one of Indonesia’s last large tracts of intact, carbon-absorbing rainforest.
RAN said the destruction of the forest “has potentially catastrophic consequences for all of us as the climate crisis continues to accelerate.”
Increasing awareness
Rudi said that there has been increasing awareness and recognition of the Leuser Ecosystem’s role in mitigating climate change, especially outside Indonesia.
“The international awareness is higher at the global level, even more so than in Indonesia,” he said.
RAN called 2021 “a year of major advances in efforts to protect the Leuser Ecosystem” due to a number of initiatives taken by global brands and the government.
For instance, in 2021, Nestlé and Unilever published their “forest footprints” for Aceh, an accounting of the total area of forests and peatlands and the rights of indigenous and local communities that remain at risk.
Unilever, partnering with district governments, PepsiCo, palm oil giant Musim Mas Group and civil society organisations, also launched a project to map forests with high conservation value (HCV) and high carbon stock (HCS) at a landscape level in the districts of Aceh Tamiang and Aceh Timur.
The project aims to spare HCV areas and HCS forests from future deforestation. It also aims to try new ways to identify customary forests to ensure legal recognition and respect for the customary rights of local communities.
The project is targeted to be finalised around the third quarter of 2022.
Leo Bottrill, CEO and founder of MapHubs, who runs a web-based monitoring platform called Palmoil.io that traces palm oil supply chains, said he would caution against attributing too much credit for the decline in Leuser’s deforestation to zero-deforestation policies adopted by producers, traders and brands.
“While major traders have improved their monitoring of supplier concessions, their responses to deforestation cases remain uneven,” he told Mongabay. Many of these groups have adopted “no deforestation, no peat, no exploitation” (NDPE) polices, he said, and while their “enforcement and supply chain disclosures have helped reduce concession level deforestation in Indonesia … effective smallholder monitoring is limited by a lack of traceability data.”
Bottrill also noted that there is little lowland forest remaining in the Leuser landscape, which might explain why deforestation is in decline.
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I understand many companies are now throwing the proverbial kitchen sink at monitoring the Leuser landscape. While commendable, this would have had more impact five years ago, before thousands of hectares of lowland forest were cleared for palm.
Leo Bottrill, CEO and founder, MapHubs
“Most of the landscape’s remaining forest area is too steep and hilly for industrial plantations,” he said. “I think this is broadly the story in Sumatra where most of the islands’ lowland forest has already been cleared for palm, fiber and rubber.”
However, Bottrill acknowledged the trend of global brands and traders adopting sustainability policies and increasing their monitoring efforts to protect Leuser.
“I understand many companies are now throwing the proverbial kitchen sink at monitoring the Leuser landscape,” he said. “While commendable, this would have had more impact five years ago, before thousands of hectares of lowland forest were cleared for palm. It is important now for companies to learn from this and get ahead of the deforestation curve, particularly with rising palm prices and biofuel policies creating new incentives to clear.”
Government policies
Domestically, government policies have also gone some way toward protecting the Leuser Ecosystem, Rudi said.
Since 2007, the government has designated the ecosystem a protected area. In 2016, the central government announced that it had reached an agreement with the Aceh provincial government to impose a moratorium on oil palm cultivation and mining.
The moratorium includes a review of existing oil palm and mining concessions in the Leuser Ecosystem as well as a ban on land clearing until the review is complete. A similar palm oil moratorium came into force nationwide in 2018 and expired in September 2021.
Despite this, deforestation continues to be detected within oil palm concessions in Leuser.
According to RAN’s analysis, the top deforesting company is palm oil firm PT Nia Yulided Bersaudara (NYB), which it found had cleared at least 595 hectares (1,470 acres) of forest in its concession from April 2016 to early 2021. Between January and October 2021, some 204 hectares (504 acres) of forests were lost in that concession.
RAN’s investigators also went to the field to verify the deforestation detected by satellite and found the company to be clearing forests and building new roads inside its concession. The field investigators discovered piles of harvested lowland timber inside the concession and logging trucks taking the wood out.
The number two deforester, according to RAN, is PT Indo Alam, with 34 hectares (84 acres), followed by PT Putra Kurnia (27 hectares, or 67 acres), PT Tegas Nusantara (20 hectares, or 49 acres), PT Surya Panen Subur II (11 hectares, or 27 acres), PT Laot Bangko (8 hectares, or 20 acres), and PT Perkebunan Nusantara I Blang Tualang and PT Beaurata Maju with 4 hectares (10 acres) each.
Besides NYB being by far the top deforesting company in the ecosystem, it is also potentially mired in collusion with the former acting governor of Aceh, Tarmizi Abdul Karim, who granted the company its initial permit. According to RAN, company registration documents name Dedy Sartika, a son-in-law of Tarmizi, as the president of NYB.
In 2012, when Tarmizi was appointed as acting governor, NYB sent a letter of application for a plantation business license to a provincial government institution that managed the Leuser Ecosystem, called the BPKEL. RAN reported that the institution refused to issue the permit because the plantation was located inside the Leuser Ecosystem.
The Aceh government later dissolved the BPKEL in October 2012, opening the way for Tarmizi to issue the permits for NYB.
RAN said this “creates a strong appearance of conflict of interest that merits further investigation.” But the government has not initiated an investigation into the case, or revoked NYB’s permit during its review of existing palm oil concessions, RAN said.
This, coupled with the ongoing deforestation within concessions in the ecosystem, means that the moratorium on forest clearance inside Leuser is not being respected, according to RAN.
“Five years after the declaration of the palm oil moratorium in Aceh by the national and provincial governments, it has not been effectively implemented inside all existing palm oil concessions in the Leuser Ecosystem,” RAN said.
No room for complacency
Despite the progress made by stakeholders in protecting the Leuser Ecosystem, Rudi warned against complacency, citing the persistent threats to the ecosystem’s forests.
“Logging and encroachment still exist,” he said. “That is what we still need to be cautious of, so that deforestation can continue to go down, though it will be difficult for us to achieve zero deforestation.”
That risk is evidenced by the ongoing deforestation within palm oil concessions. As long as global brands are still sourcing from plantations within the ecosystem, they cannot guarantee deforestation-free palm oil in their products, according to RAN.
Much more needs to be done by brands like Unilever, Nestlé, Procter & Gamble, Mondelēz, PepsiCo, Ferrero and their suppliers, RAN said.
For one, brands could persuade companies to stop deforesting even if they are not directly connected to them, Rudi said.
“There are still companies [not directly connected to global brands] that have not received guidance [on sustainable palm oil production],” he said. “Therefore, these global brands’ involvement is needed.”
Second, brands could help smallholders in getting certified under sustainability schemes such as the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO) and the government’s Indonesian Sustainable Palm Oil (ISPO) program, Rudi said.
“This is because small farmers in Indonesia are obligated to get certified under ISPO by 2024. Without support, it will be difficult,” he said. “Brands could also help farmers in increasing their productivity. And then they could buy these farmers’ sustainable products, so that the supply chain is not limited [to large-scale plantations run by big corporations]. Brands need to expand their supply chain to include farmers who manage their plantations sustainably.”
The government should also strengthen the protection of the Leuser Ecosystem by banning the clearing of all natural forests that have high conservation value and high carbon stock, Rudi said.
There are still areas of lowland rainforest available for conversion to oil palm and pulpwood plantations. These are not protected by the Indonesian government’s ban on clearing primary forests, according to RAN.
“We still face a challenge in our own country where there is still a debate on the function of the Leuser Ecosystem, whether it is for conservation or for production,” Rudi said. The latter, he added, “means that lands zoned for production [within the Leuser Ecosystem] can still be exploited for timber.”
Therefore, it is important for the government to ensure the protection of all natural forests, regardless of whether they are in areas zoned for protection and conservation or for production, he said.
“Do not let the natural forests get destroyed, no matter where they are,” Rudi said.
