Situated at the flood-prone and storm-vulnerable southern tip of Florida, Miami-Dade County has long figured among the US urban areas most at risk from climate change.
But when county leaders unveiled a new climate-related resilience plan two years ago, the dangers posed by rising temperatures received only passing mention.
Now the county has done a U-turn, creating the world’s first city position tasked specifically with tackling the growing threat of heat.
“Miami was known internationally for sea-level rise, flood risk and hurricanes,” said Jane Gilbert, the county’s new chief heat officer, in a phone interview. “We felt like we know how to handle heat here.”
But in reality, Gilbert and others say Miami is not prepared for rising heat linked to climate change — a position shared by many cities around the world.
“Heat kills more people annually than (all) other weather-related disasters combined, though it does not get the same level” of attention, said Evan Mallen, with the Georgia Institute of Technology’s Urban Climate Lab.
Gilbert’s appointment is one indication heat threats are starting to be taken “seriously and proactively”, he added.
As part of a global initiative launched in August, other cities also plan to name chief heat officers, including Athens in Greece, and Freetown in Sierra Leone.
In a statement, Athens Mayor Kostas Bakoyannis called extreme heat one of his city’s “greatest threats to livability and economic prosperity”.
Gilbert, who was the city of Miami’s chief resilience officer for four years, was named to the new position in April on an interim basis, with philanthropic funding, until the county decides whether to make the position permanent.
She plans to start work in June, just as hurricane season gets underway - timing that isn’t coincidental, she said.
After a 2017 hurricane, 14 people died when an area nursing home lost air-conditioning in an extended power outage. That prompted authorities to require such facilities to have a backup power source and three days’ fuel, Gilbert said.
But in fact, such vulnerability is far more widespread, she told the Thomson Reuters Foundation.
The sun sets over Athens and its ancient Acropolis (L) as a thick cloud of smoke levitates over the Greek capital, caused by a forest fire, fanned by strong winds on the island of Evia, in Athens, Greece, August 12, 2018. Image: REUTERS/Yannis Behrakis.
Heat season?
The past decade has been the hottest on record globally, according to the United Nations, and US government researchers last year said the coming decade is “very likely” to see more of the same.
Already heatwaves of longer than 20 days are affecting 30 per cent of the world’s population, while heat in the workplace could cost $2.4 trillion a year by the end of the decade, according to figures compiled by the Adrienne Arsht–Rockefeller Foundation Resilience Center at the Atlantic Council, a think-tank.
Yet even as recognition of other risks from climate change rises among the public and policymakers, heat lacks similar attention, said Kathy Baughman McLeod, the centre’s director.
Heat deaths often occur behind closed doors, with little media coverage, and “people just don’t have awareness of it — that’s why they call it the silent killer,” she said.
The Arsht-Rockefeller centre, which is helping support Gilbert’s position in Miami, is spearheading a broader campaign to create public recognition of a “heat season”, in parallel to hurricane or wildfire seasons.
One proposal to raise awareness includes starting to name and categorise heatwaves, as is now done with major storms.
From a climate perspective, heat is both a shock and a stress, Baughman McLeod said, pointing to immediate problems such as with infrastructure — train tracks bending, planes being unable to fly — as well as longer-term social pressures.
“When you can’t sleep because it’s too hot, people wake up and make mistakes at work” and students can’t learn as well, she said, calling heat a growing health crisis.
“So you see injuries and deaths on the job, and it’s not categorised as such. We’re missing a lot of data.”
And while hot places like Miami, Phoenix and Los Angeles are increasingly focusing on the issue, Baughman McLeod and others warned that cities in typically colder climates are less prepared.
In the northern state of Michigan, for example, “structures are not well-adapted for heat — we built them for cold. But our world will be changing,” said Patricia Koman, a research investigator at the University of Michigan School of Public Health.
After being approached by community groups, Koman and colleagues in 2019 created publicly available tools to map heat-stress vulnerability in the state.
The project showed inequalities in heat exposure between minority and majority-white communities, as well as along economic lines, she said.
“Heat is already an issue for many Michigan cities, especially for vulnerable groups,” including the elderly, pregnant women, those with underlying health conditions, outdoor workers and children, Koman said.
But most local officials in Michigan are not yet ready to address the growing threat, she added.
A 2019 survey she did found just 35 per cent of local public health officials said climate change was a priority for their departments. A similar number said they did not know whether heat was a problem.
“Even in northern climates, people can be vulnerable to the effects of heat. But there are things we can do to prevent these adverse outcomes,” Koman said.
Turner Field vendors Demetrius Smith (L) and James Jernigan use bags of ice to stay cool while working at the baseball game between the Atlanta Braves and the Washington Nationals at Turner Field in Atlanta, Georgia June 30, 2012. Image: REUTERS/Tami Chappell.
Help for most at risk
In Miami, finding those strategies and spreading them across various branches of county government will be Gilbert’s daily focus.
Southern Florida is already experiencing large increases in its average temperatures and humidity levels.
Since 1995, it has seen 27 additional days over 90 degrees Fahrenheit (32 degrees Celsius) each year, Gilbert said.
That includes higher average night-time temperatures, which can be especially dangerous as they do not offer the typical relief, she said.
Her work will look at equity issues — such as for residents of substandard housing — and efforts to build public recognition of heat dangers so neighbours will, for instance, think to check on elderly community members when temperatures rise.
A first step will be convening a task force of health workers, weather experts, emergency managers and others to figure out where data gaps exist, she said.
Interventions could then include planting trees, making pavements and roofs lighter coloured, and retrofitting homes.
Other groups of concern are outdoor workers in agriculture and construction, children playing outside after school, people walking to the bus stop and pedestrians, Gilbert said.
The task force also could aim to encourage strong employer policies on heat risks for workers, set thresholds for dangerous temperatures, and require residential windows to have screens that can be opened for ventilation without letting in insects.
Gilbert said the work in Miami could serve as a blueprint for other cities.
“The idea is to have a person who wakes up every day to think about the heat risk,” she said.
This story was published with permission from Thomson Reuters Foundation, the charitable arm of Thomson Reuters, that covers humanitarian news, climate change, resilience, women’s rights, trafficking and property rights. Visit http://news.trust.org/climate.
