The yield of many staple crops could be boosted by 40 per cent by a new process that adjusts the way they turn sunlight into energy, potentially feeding hundreds of millions of more people, American researchers said on Thursday.
Crops such as rice, wheat and soybeans, as well as fruits and vegetables have a naturally occurring “glitch” in the way they photosynthesise that causes the plants to use up energy and resources, drastically suppressing productivity.
“The annual loss in production from wheat and soybean in Midwestern United States… is enough to feed roughly 200 million more people from this area alone,” Paul South, a molecular biologist and lead author, told the Thomson Reuters Foundation.
Scientists from the University of Illinois and the US Department of Agriculture’s Agriculture Research Service changed how tobacco plants with the same glitch process sunlight, inserting genes from bacteria, green algae and other plants, they wrote in the journal Science.
They tested and compared three different genetic variations and found the most successful one saved enough energy and resources to increase productivity by 40 per cent in real-world conditions.
In more than two years of field studies, the genetically engineered tobacco plants developed faster and put out more leaves and stems than plants that weren’t modified, researchers said.
The photosynthesis process is “nearly identical in plants so we expect that benefits observed in tobacco will result in changes to food crops,” said South.
Efforts are now underway to transplant these findings to boost yields of potatoes, cowpea, soybeans and rice, he added.
“It takes 10-15 years for technologies like this to undergo rigorous regulatory approval process, which examines engineered crops for health and environmental impacts. Thus, it is all the more urgent to invest in these types of technologies today,” said South.
The study is part of an international project to boost global food production sustainably. Funders include the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and the British government.
Experts, however, say increased production of nutrient-rich foods, not just staple crops, is crucial to tackle the global malnutrition crisis which has left one in eight adults obese while one in nine people are hungry.
“Well, we need more of everything. The population alone is almost inevitably going up to 10 billion and people are eating richer (diets),” said Timothy Searchinger, lecturer at Princeton University and senior fellow at the World Resources Institute.
So the latest findings provide “important, promising work as it may open up new ways to expand crop yields,” Searchinger, who authored a recent report on sustainable food systems, told the Thomson Reuters Foundation.
“Lots more work to be done… but glad the researchers have started focusing on some important C3 crops,” he added.
The term “C3 crops” refer to most major food crops that use the C3 photosynthesis process. Crops that use a different form of photosynthesis are maize, sugarcane and sorghum.
And unlike many technological innovations in agriculture which come with costly intellectual property rights, researchers say smallholder farmers in sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia would have royalty-free access to these breakthroughs.
Smallholder farmers managing between one to 10 hectares of land provide up to 80 per cent of the food supply in Asia and sub-Saharan Africa but many are also extremely poor, according to the United Nations’ Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO).
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