Social protection is crucial to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). SDG Target 1.3 emphasises the importance of a social protection floor covering the nutritional, health, and educational needs of children; income security for the working-age population; pensions for the elderly; and universal health care coverage.
In recent years, countries in Asia and the Pacific have taken serious steps to expand various aspects of their social protection systems with increased spending. Nearly 60 per cent of the region’s population now has access to health care.
The People’s Republic of China (PRC), Mongolia, Thailand, and Viet Nam have established comprehensive social protection programs that cover not only social pensions but also health insurance. But many gaps remain. Benefits are generally low, and informal workers are not fully covered by pension and health insurance.
The International Labor Organization estimates that only 4 in 10 people in Asia and the Pacific have easy access to healthcare, and that access is limited to those who are already covered. Only 30 per cent of people in Asia enjoy some type of social assistance, and less than 20 per cent have social insurance. Just over half of all older people in the region receive a pension.
This rather gloomy picture is closely linked to inadequate financing of social protection systems. An ADB study of 16 Asian countries to be published later this year shows the weighted average public social expenditure was 4.4 per cent of GDP in 2015, barely half of the global average.
To close the region’s social protection gap, countries would need to spend at least 3 per cent more of GDP. Countries in developing Asia would need to increase their social protection expenditure budgets by 2 per cent to 5 per cent on average to meet basic minimum needs required to achieve SDG Target 1.3.
Asia must spend at least 3 per cent more to meet SDG social protection target
Four low-income countries in the region (Cambodia, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Myanmar, and Timor-Leste) would need to spend at least 5 per cent of GDP more on social protection to adhere to the social projection agenda of the SDGs.
Another six countries (India, Indonesia, Kazakhstan, Nepal, the Philippines, and Sri Lanka) may need to open new fiscal space to attain modest but complete social protection systems.
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The International Labor Organization estimates that only 4 in 10 people in Asia and the Pacific have easy access to healthcare, and that access is limited to those who are already covered.
However, most Asian countries have limited fiscal capacity to scale up on social protection. Expanded fiscal burdens from socio-economic changes—namely rapidly aging populations, rapid urbanisation, increasing costs of social services, and rising exposure to natural disasters and climate change—make it even harder to come up with the funds.
So, how can countries find the financing they need? Clearly, they must address these challenges in a sustainable, transparent, and cost-effective manner.
First, they should increase the efficiency and effectiveness of government expenditures in general and social protection programs in particular.
The level of spending is generally so low that it’s difficult to imagine how social protection could be significantly expanded by making current expenditures more efficient within the existing resource envelope. But there is room for improvement.
Indonesia cash transfers is a good example of targeted social protection
Arguably the most significant transformation would be to shift toward a more targeted approach, away from general subsidies, particularly in response to economic shocks and natural disasters. Enhanced targeting, coupled with strengthening the productive aspects of programs, can have a greater impact on social protection for a given level of resources.
A good example is Indonesia, which has implemented a series of cash transfer programs over the past decade. The government has used savings from reduced fuel subsidies to finance both conditional and unconditional cash transfers specifically targeted to the poor and vulnerable groups.
Integrating often-disparate small programs into larger schemes can also streamline administrative costs.
Coherence across social protection programs is best safeguarded by maintaining beneficiary enrollment and operational processes in a single registry management information system (MIS), like Bangladesh has already done for all citizens. Indonesia’s MIS includes 96 million individuals in 24 million households and manages the administration of four national programs: health insurance, educational stipends for poor students, conditional cash transfers, and rice for the poor.
Second, beyond financing, it is equally important to strengthen countries’ capacity to provide social protection.
Financing constraints are frequently compounded by the low capacity. This includes a lack of analysis, strategic frameworks, and an ability to effectively plan, finance, and implement programs.
Building capacity as important as funding to improve social protection
In 2015, Mongolia’s economic slowdown and poor fiscal management resulted in an expanded fiscal deficit and national debt. The government responded with a fiscal consolidation process that will reform social welfare programs to make them more sustainable, efficient, and effective, as well as increase coverage and benefit levels.
ADB is providing technical assistance to help Indonesia, Myanmar, and Timor-Leste build their capacity to conduct financial analysis, using the social budgeting method to calculate resource requirements, to meet SDG social protection targets.
Finally, broader dialogue and consensus-building among stakeholders across countries can help them explore ways of expanding fiscal space and thus spending for social protection.
There is no one-size-fits-all approach to designing and funding social protection programs. Governments can generate additional resources for expanding social protection via domestic and external resource mobilization, reallocation of existing public resources, improving tax collection, and introducing new tax systems.
For instance, the PRC, the Philippines, and Thailand have introduced excise or sin taxes on tobacco products and sugary drinks. But making strategic choices and prioritizing demand requires a national consensus.
Lessons learned from other countries and international best practices could help shape national dialogue and consensus-building toward enhanced social protection.
Sri Wening Handayani is the principal social development specialist at the Asian Development Bank. This post was published with permission from the Asian Development Bank.
