China recently announced a 20 per cent increase in coal power capacity by 2020. Does the new target contradict its pledge to peak carbon emissions well before 2030 under the Paris Agreement?
China ratified the Paris Agreement in September 2016 and has put in place policies to achieve its climate target, or Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC). China’s goal is to peak its carbon emissions by 2030 and reduce its carbon intensity (the amount of carbon produced per unit of GDP) by 60 to 65 per cent below 2005 levels. To do so, it must therefore decouple emissions from economic growth.
These policies include new renewable energy targets and a nationwide emissions trading scheme, coupled with a domestic carbon offsetting scheme.
China’s NDC is expected to scale up clean energy development in China and displace coal-fired power generation.
One goal is to reduce the proportion of coal-fired power to 300 grams of coal equivalent per kilowatt hour. The 20 per cent increase in coal power seems to be offsetting these efforts, given that more than half of the country’s electricity is generated by burning coal.
But this may not contradict the country’s climate pledge if we look into the details.
A climate U-turn?
The National Energy Administration and the National Development Reform Commission announced China’s coal plan on November 7. It is specified in the country’s 13th Five-Year Plan of Electricity Development, which covers the period 2016 to 2020.
The plan has raised a few eyebrows, in both its timing — the last five-year plan for the electricity sector was released more than 15 years ago — and its content.
“
Most provincial governments remain very receptive towards new investments in coal-fired power plants, because these investments attract jobs and tax incomes.
The most controversial issue in the plan is the target for coal-fired power generation, which is to limit the total installed capacity to 1,100 gigawatts by 2020. Given that the current installed capacity is about 900GW, this allows for a massive 200GW increase in the next four years.
To put this number in context, Australia’s installed capacity for coal-fired electricity generation was 29GW in 2013 to 2014. The worldwide installed capacity of solar photovoltaics at the end of 2015 was 227GW.
China’s proposed massive increase in coal power has raised questions about the environmental and economic rationales of the plan as well as the consistency between China’s energy and climate policies.
A mini coal boom
To understand the coal target, it is necessary to understand the way energy is governed in China.
Despite being an authoritarian state, China has always had a highly fragmented and complicated system when it comes to governing the country’s electricity systems.
Big power companies are owned by the state but remain relatively autonomous, and they are powerful and profit-driven. Large-scale energy projects such as coal-fired power plants are largely driven by these state-owned enterprises.
The recent decline in coal prices means that the business of owning and operating coal-fired power plants has become highly lucrative. These state-owned enterprises therefore have a strong motivation to build more coal-fired stations.
Moreover, the authority to approve coal plant construction has been delegated to the provincial level since 2014. This has further reduced the ability of national bodies to co-ordinate investment in coal power.
With the exception of a small number of highly developed regions that have enacted coal control policies, most provincial governments remain very receptive towards new investments in coal-fired power plants, because these investments attract jobs and tax incomes. These political and economic factors have resulted in a rapid rise in investment in coal power, a trend that will likely continue into the near future.
Still displacing coal power
The central government of China is trying to control this investment. According to Huang Xuenong, the head of the National Energy Administration’s electricity department, without any policy intervention, China’s coal-fired capacity would be about 1,250GW by the year 2020.
The 1,100GW target in the plan therefore means that the administration intends to restrict the rapid rise of coal power by at least 150GW. While representing a substantial increase from the current level, the main outcome would still be below business-as-usual.
This objective will be achieved primarily through four administrative interventions:
-
retire a number of old and inefficient coal units
-
halt projects that are under construction but have not received official approval
-
suspend projects in provinces that do not have electricity shortages
-
suspend the construction of coal stations that have already been approved in provinces that do not have shortage problems.
China remains committed to displacing coal-fired power generation. Perhaps the coal plan is not “green” enough, but behind the scenes are various efforts to shut down coal-fired power plants and suspend new coal projects.
The 20 per cent increase in coal power alone hardly represents a U-turn in climate policy direction. The big picture is largely consistent with China’s policy objective of peaking its carbon emissions by 2030. The question is whether it can finish much earlier or not.
Kevin Lo is Assistant Professor at the Hong Kong Baptist University and Alex Lo is Assistant Professor at the University of Hong Kong. This article was originally published on The Conversation.
