In recognition of this month’s 25-year anniversary of the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill in Alaska (March 24), this seems a good time to reflect on lessons learned, and lessons lost.
1. Oil spill “cleanup” is a myth: Once oil has spilled, the battle is lost — it is impossible to effectively contain, recover, and cleanup. Exxon spent more than $2 billion trying to clean up its Alaska spill, but recovered less than 7 per cent. BP spent $14 billion trying to clean up its 2010 Deepwater Horizon spill, and although they collected some at the wellhead, burned and dispersed some (with toxic chemicals), it recovered only 3 per cent from the sea surface and beaches. Seldom is more than 10 per cent of a marine oil spill recovered. We should insist that industry and government are prepared to respond to a spill, but we should not expect any spill response to be effective. And, this is particularly true for spills in ice-covered Arctic waters.
2. Oil spills can cause long-term environmental damage: Industry rhetoric aside, oil spills can cause long-term, even permanent, ecological injury. Oil, water, fish, and wildlife don’t mix. Millions of innocent organisms were killed by the Exxon Valdez spill — marine mammals, birds, fish, and invertebrates. Even extremely low concentrations of oil, in the parts-per-billion, can cause long-term ecological injury. A quarter of a century after the Alaska spill, only 13 of the 32 monitored populations, habitats, and resource services injured in the spill are considered fully “recovered” or “very likely recovered.” Some populations, such as Pacific herring, pigeon guillemots, and the AT1 killer whale pod, are still listed as “not recovering.” And thousands of gallons of Exxon Valdez oil remain in beach sediments, still toxic, and still affecting marine organisms. It is likely that the coastal ecosystem injured by the Exxon Valdezspill will never fully recover to what it would have been absent the 1989 spill — an important realization for policymakers.
3. Oil spill restoration is impossible: Once a coastal or marine ecosystem is “broken,” it cannot be “fixed”. All the spill restoration money in the world can’t repair an injured coastal ecosystem. The best (and least) we can do is to protect a spill-injured ecosystem from additional human-caused injury, giving it the best chance to recover naturally. An oil spill restoration program presents an opportunity to fix a lot of previous bad behavior in our coastal ecosystems. There should be sufficient funds to acquire conservation easements on coastal habitat, reduce chronic pollutant input, restore natural water flow, reduce overfishing, establish additional protected areas, and so on. And to be clear, science is observation, not restoration. Also, people affected by spills deserve adequate compensation, but no amount of money can fix broken human communities.
“
As long as we use oil, we will spill oil. But we can and must reduce spill risk as much as possible, regardless of cost
4. Officials habitually understate spill risk, size, and impact: Government and industry officials always downplay the risk, size, and impact of spills. We should not trust official assertions of the “low risk” of offshore drilling, tankers, or pipelines, nor should we trust industry assertions regarding size and impact of a spill.
5. Prevention is key: As long as we use oil, we will spill oil. But we can and must reduce spill risk as much as possible, regardless of cost. The tanker spill prevention system put into Prince William Sound after the Exxon Valdez spill is arguably one of the best anywhere — twin tug escorts for every laden tanker, continuous vessel tracking, double hulls on all tankers (and some with twin engines, twin rudders, and bow thrusters), two licensed mariners on the bridge, expanded pilotage, ice-detecting radar, alcohol screening of crew, weather restrictions, better tanker inspection, and so on. Unfortunately, few of these prevention measures have been implemented in other at-risk waterways, such as the Arctic, the Aleutians, Puget Sound, the Gulf of Mexico, or the Atlantic coast. And while the risk of offshore blowouts has been reduced since Deepwater Horizon, industry and government have a long way to go to make offshore drilling as safe as possible. Oil companies still only seek to reduce spill risk to “As Low As Reasonably Practicable” (ALARP); instead of “As Low As Possible” (ALAP), regardless of cost. Prevention is clearly cost-effective, as the cost of one large spill dwarfs all up-front expenditure on prevention. BP estimates its Deepwater Horizon disaster may ultimately cost $43 billion.
6. Citizens’ oversight is critical: Even with the best spill prevention system possible, there will always be human error and mechanical failure. Industry and government must remain vigilant, 24/7/365. To guard against complacency, citizen stakeholders need to be empowered to provide effective, independent oversight. The Regional Citizens’ Advisory Council established in Prince William Sound after the 1989 spill, receiving more than $3 million year from the Trans Alaska Pipeline owners, has proven tremendously effective at engaging local citizens in improving the safety of oil operations. This model should be replicated elsewhere, including the Arctic, the Gulf of Mexico, and Puget Sound. Unfortunately, the oil industry habitually opposes the creation of such citizens’ councils.
7. Liability motivates safety: To motivate safe, responsible conduct of oil development, sufficient financial liability for spills is essential. Congress has not increased oil spill liability in the past 24 years, and limits remain shamefully low nationwide. If we eliminate oil spill liability limits altogether, the industry will find it more cost-effective to enact best available safety measures.
8. Oil money corrupts democracy: Big oil is big business, and its concentrated wealth distorts democratic governance the world over. Oil money flows freely into political campaigns, lobbying, bribes, advertising, and results in self-serving, perverse public policy, such as the billions of dollars in subsidies the global fossil fuel industry receives each year. As oil money flows, democratic governance is subverted, and oil becomes more curse than blessing. In Alaska, as in most oil states and countries, big oil’s corrupting influence on government, even the state university, is legendary.
“
At the time of Exxon Valdez spill, the world used 63 million barrels per day (bpd), the US used 17 million bpd, and atmospheric CO2 levels were at 350 ppm. Many called then for an urgent transition away from hydrocarbons, to a sustainable, low-carbon energy economy. Instead, more than twice as much oil has been used since Exxon Valdez
9. It’s time to end our oil addiction: Oil spills are only the most visible, acute impact of our oil addiction. Other impacts include chronic habitat loss, human health damage, distortion of economies and social systems, oil wars, and climate change now affecting every corner of the world. At the time of Exxon Valdez spill, the world used 63 million barrels per day (bpd), the US used 17 million bpd, and atmospheric CO2 levels were at 350 ppm. Many called then for an urgent transition away from hydrocarbons, to a sustainable, low-carbon energy economy. Instead, more than twice as much oil has been used since Exxon Valdez — more than 700 billion barrels — than in all of human history prior to that date - about 300 billion barrels. Twenty-five years later, world oil use is now 91 million bpd; US oil use is 20 million bpd, half of it still wasted; several wars have been fought over oil; atmospheric CO2 levels are 400 ppm and rising; Arctic sea ice has declined by about half; glaciers are disappearing; storms, droughts, floods, and heat extremes have increased; and climate change has cost millions of human lives and trillions of dollars. Yet the pathology of oil continues. We know that oil, coal, and gas are finite, and we know their use is destroying the planetary biosphere. We have to kick the habit sooner or later, and the sooner the better.
10. Need for a sustainable society: The transcendent lesson of oil spills, and other industrial disasters, is that our society is living beyond the carrying capacity of the Earth, destroying the biosphere, and is dangerously unsustainable. Just since the 1989 Alaska spill, world population has increased from 5 billion to more than 7 billion; the world economy (gross world product) has more than doubled, depleting material, energy, and ecological resources; the world has lost over 130 million hectares of forest; and over one million species, most unnamed and unnoticed, have gone extinct. The real lesson from disasters like Exxon Valdez and Deepwater Horizon is that we need to attend to the more gradual, less obvious, but more dangerous degradation of the biosphere, and get serious about sustainability.
Bottom line: If we genuinely care about a coastal or marine area, we should not expose it to the risk of oil development. Spills will occur, they can’t be cleaned up, they can cause long-term damage, and restoration is impossible. Where we do produce and transport oil, it must be done with the highest possible safety standards. We need to use oil much more efficiently, and stop wasting it. Above all, we urgently need to kick our carbon habit, and transition to a sustainable society.
Richard Steiner is a professor and conservation biologist. This post originally appeared in the Huffington Post.
