Malaysia, Thailand and Vietnam have a sizeable presence in the global REE supply chain – now a geopolitical focal point – but although they may have substantial reserves, their REE production levels are still lower than China's.
There is scepticism around climate finance through private investments, and if private finance is to play a bigger role, policy reforms ahead of this year’s COP30 are needed. Alternatively, could the G20 or BRICS lead on climate finance?
The Trumpian approach to critical minerals – evident from the United States' interactions with Ukraine – may force Southeast Asia to choose sides. The region needs to look at diversifying its technical partners in the energy sector.
After spinning off its thermal coal assets, Adaro Energy Group, the world’s sixth-largest coal mining company, will have access to financing from two banks that previously withdrew funding for its aluminum smelter project in February 2023.