Malaysia, Thailand and Vietnam have a sizeable presence in the global REE supply chain – now a geopolitical focal point – but although they may have substantial reserves, their REE production levels are still lower than China's.
There is scepticism around climate finance through private investments, and if private finance is to play a bigger role, policy reforms ahead of this year’s COP30 are needed. Alternatively, could the G20 or BRICS lead on climate finance?
There are worries the construction of a hydropower dam across the transboundary Yarlung Tsangpo river in Tibet will intensify both water scarcity and flooding. These smaller-sized river basins are often neglected in academic research.